Іноземні Мови

Preparation for Christmas in the Congo begins when some group is designated to prepare the annual Christmas pageant.
Christmas day begins with groups of carolers walking to and fro through the village, along the roadway, by the houses of the missionaries, singing the lovely carols known the world around. Often people may be awakened by a group of carolers beginning to converge on the house of worship. They return home to make final preparation as to the clothes one must wear and also as to his offering for the Christmas service.
The most important part of their Christmas worship service is the love offering, this is the gift in honor of Jesus. Then at about 8 or 9 o'clock everyone makes their way to the celebration of the birthday of Jesus.
Everyone who attends the service goes forward to lay down their gift upon the raised platform near the Communion table. Not one person will attend the service without giving a gift.
Now people have Christmas dinners after the service, preparing tables out in front of their home and inviting many of their intimate friends to share.
Christmas in South Africa is a summer holiday. In December, the southern summer brings glorious days of sunshine that carry an irresistible invitation to the beaches, the rivers, and the shaded mountain slopes. Then the South African holiday season reaches its height. Schools are closed, and camping is the order of the day. In South Africa there is no snow, but it has many flowers, many beautiful varieties of cultivated and wild flowers being in their full pride.

The development of Ukraine science has it’s beginning since the 18th century, when the Kyiv Mohyla Academy became a noted research centre. A great page in Ukraine’s history was the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Its founder was a very talented man with the world – known name- Volodymyr Vernadsky. The group of famous people made a valuable contribution into Ukraine’s science from its first steps. They were noted historians Antonovych, Hrushevsky, a mathematician Boholiubov, botanists Fomin and Kholodny, scientists in medicine Filatov, Yanovsky, Bohomolets and others.

There are more than 60 universities in the U.K. The leading universities are Cambridge , Oxford and London. English universities differ from each other in traditions, general organization, internal government, etc. British universities are comparatively small, the approximate number is about 7-8 thousand students. Most universities have under 3000 students, some even less than 1500 ones. London and Oxford universities are international, because people from many parts of the world come to study at one of their colleges. A number of wellknown scientists and writers, among them Newton, Darvin, Byron were educated in Cambridge.

First of all, let me introduce myself. My name is Sergey. My full name is Kashpirovsky Sergey Vasilevish. I’m 17 years old. I was born in the family of an economist and an engineer. My family is small. There are only three of us. I always delighted to have somebody to share my ideas with, to discuss things and the like, but it happens that sometimes I crave for loneliness to think about my problems, my mistakes and to look though my life. I should like to begin with the oldest in the family – my farther. He is the head of it. He is a very hard-working person. And there’s a very good feature of his: if he starts doing something he is sure to do it up to the end. His favorite occupation is reading and watching TV. He is true father who devotes much time of his to bringing us up properly. He is always ready to come to our rescue. We highly appreciate this.

Charles Dickens was an English novelist and one of the most popular writers in the history of literature. In his enormous body of works, Dickens combined masterly storytelling, humour, pathos, and irony with sharp social criticism and acute observation of people and places, both real and imagined. Dickens was born February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth and spent most of his childhood in London and Kent, both of which appear frequently in his novels. He started school at the age of nine, but his education was interrupted when his father was imprisoned for debt in 1824. The boy was then forced to support himself by working in a shoe-polish factory. From 1824 to 1826, Dickens again attended school. For the most part, however, he was self-educated. Among his favourite books were those by such great 18th-century novelists as Henry Fielding and Tobias Smollett, and their influence can be discerned in Dickens's own novels. In 1827 Dickens took a job as a legal clerk. In December 1833 Dickens published the first of a series of original descriptive sketches of daily life in London, using the pseudonym Boz. The success of this first novel The Pickwick Papers made Dickens famous. Dickens subsequently maintained his fame with a constant stream of novels. A man of enormous energy and wide talents, he also engaged in many other activities. He edited the weekly periodicals Household Words (1850-1859) and All the Year Round (1859-1870), composed the travel books American Notes (1842) and Pictures from Italy (1846), administered charitable organisations, and pressed for many social reforms. In 1843 he published A Christmas Carol, an ever-popular children's story

To understand the politics of Uzbekistan it is important to delve into it's most recent history. The leader from 1959-1983 was Sharaf Rashidov, who ruled in a quasi-feudal fashion, much like the newly elected leader. Rashidov kept the USSR content through a combination of patronage, corruption, and repressive behavior. Once Mikhail Gorbachev was elected, Rashidov was the prime target for his drive to eliminate corruption. Although there was an upsurge of national identity among the Uzbeks and a feeling of victimization by the thousands of corrupt officials who where soon imprisoned, incredibly through more repression the elections for new leaders would go unopposed.

HAIRDRESSING is the art of arranging the hair or otherwise modifying its natural state. Closely related to headgear, hairdressing has been an im portant part of the dress of both men and women since antiquity and, like dress, serves a number of functions. Almost all societies have found it necessary to cut or confine the hair in order to keep it out of the way. They further arranged their hair to fulfill man's basic desire for personal adornment, which may vary in form from the ornately curled, blond wigs of Roman matrons to the sleek shin gled heads of flappers in the 1920's. One ex tremely important function of hair styling, especially in traditional preindustrial societies, is to indicate status. Primitive men, for example, fastened bones, feathers, and other objects in their hair to impress the lowly and frighten the enemy with their rank and prowess. Noble rank among the ancient Gauls was indicated by long hair, which Caesar made them cut off as a sign of sub mission when he conquered them. The occupa tional associations of hair are exemplified by the gray wig of a British barrister and the lacquered, black wig of a Japanese geisha.

I will try to describe my daily actions or the things that I do, more or less, every day. I mean the things I regularly did when I was at lyceum. There was little variation in my life then, all days expect weekends looked very much the same.
I usually started my day with getting up and doing all things that everybody does in the morning: washing, having breakfast, etc. Then I put my learning tools: pencils, exercise books, textbooks to my bag. Then I usually went to the lyceum. Fortunately, father takes a car every morning and he often picks me up and drives me to the doors of our lyceum building.
Soon the lectures and lessons began... We had from 2 to 4 lectures every time, depending on day.
After the lessons, I usually returned home where I had dinner and started thinking about my ways of spending the rest of the day. Very often, I went to my friend’s places. During the early autumn and summer, I often went to the sports ground. I also like visiting different sports events, for example, football matches of «Shahter» in Ukrainian championship. So, the world was full of enjoyable things to do.
On returning home I usually started to do my homework (perhaps, it is the most dull part of the day). Having finished it, I opened a book and read it or watched TV. At last, I went to the bed.

Nowadays when our independent state Ukraine is developing, much attention is paid for our youth because we are the future of our country. In today’s Ukraine, people aged between 15 and 28 number a little less than 10 million, and their ration is dropping. Some 80 percent of the younger generation various physical malfunctions. Among the problems most actually for our Youth are low personal income, low parent’s take-home pay, and bad living conditions because of our current economical situation. Youth problems are caused not only by today’s economic hardships. The worst destabilising factor in the modern Ukrainian community is the crisis of consciousness and cultural and moral values. Nevertheless our youth take active part in life of community. For example in Greenpeace young people learn to love their land and the world that surrounds them. This organisation protest against environmental pollution, against murder of all animals. Some young people work in their church organisations. Future belongs to the young, that is why the political life of our country is important to us. Many young people are engaged is political parties and organisations such as: “the greens”, the Union of Ukrainian Youth, the Scouts.

The Constitution outlines the structure of the national government and specifies its powers and duties. Under the Constitution the powers of the government are divided into three branches - the legislative which consists of the Verhovna Rada, the executive, headed by the President, and the judicial, which is led by the Supreme Court.
The parliament - the Verhovna Rada is the only body of the legislative power in Ukraine. There are 450 peoples deputies who are elected for a term of four years on the basis of universal, equal suffrage by the secret ballot.
The Verhovna Rada`s main function is making laws. Law drafting work is performed by its Committees.
The Verhovna Rada adopts the State Budget for the period from January 1 to December 31 and controls the execution of it. The monetary unit of Ukraine is the Hrivnia.
The President of Ukraine is the head of the state and speaks on behalf of it. He is elected directly by the voters for a term of five years with no more then two full terms.
The highest body of the executive power is the Cabinet of Ministers. It is responsible to the President and is accountable to the Verhovna Rada. It carries out domestic and foreign policy of the State, the fulfilment of the Constitution, as well as the acts of the President, develops and fulfils national programs on the economic, scientific and technological, social and cultural development of Ukraine.